Monolithic aluminum alloy target and method of manufacturing

ABSTRACT

Aluminum or aluminum alloy sputter targets and methods of making same are provided. The pure aluminum or aluminum alloy is mechanically worked to produce a circular blank, and then the blank is given a recrystallization anneal to achieve desirable grain size and crystallographic texture. A 10-50% additional strain is provided to the blank step after the annealing to increase the mechanical strength. Further, in a flange area of the target, the strain is greater than in the other target areas with the strain in the flange area being imparted at a rate of about 20-60% strain. The blank is then finished to form a sputtering target with desirable crystallographic texture and adequate mechanical strength.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/205,675 filed Jan. 22, 2009.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention is related to Al alloy sputtering targets andmethods of manufacturing same. In particular, the invention pertains tomonolithic Al alloy sputtering targets which have a desirablecombination of mechanical strength and texture and a method ofmanufacturing these targets.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

High purity aluminum alloy sputtering targets have been widely used insemiconductor manufacturing. To achieve desirable grain size andtexture, aluminum alloy target blanks are typically fabricated bymechanical working and final recrystallization anneal. Since therecrystallization anneal decreases the mechanical strength of thealuminum alloys significantly, such fabricated aluminum alloy blanks areusually bonded to a much stronger commercial aluminum alloy backingplate. However, monolithic aluminum alloy targets sometimes are moredesirable due to manufacturing simplicity, lack of debonding issues, andimproved recyclibility. To reduce the target deflection duringsputtering and improve mechanical reliability, monolithic aluminum alloytargets need to have adequate mechanical strength in addition todesirable metallographic attributes. Various fabrication techniques,such as equal channel angular extrusion (U.S. Pat. No. 7,017,382) andcryogenic rolling (U.S. Pat. No. 6,942,763) have been utilized tofabricate aluminum alloy targets with improved mechanical strength. Theterm “monolithic” refers to a single piece target unit devoid of anyseparate or attached backing plate structure.

The prior art approaches have certain limitations. Equal channel angularextrusion processes require complex and expensive dies, usually producerectangular shaped plates, and thus are not cost-effective to makecircular sputtering targets. Cryogenic rolling requires a cumbersomeliquid nitrogen setup that may create health or safety issues. Inaddition, both processes are energy and labor intensive.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one exemplary aspect of the invention, a method of making amonolithic aluminum or aluminum alloy target is provided which includesthe step of mechanically working an aluminum workpiece to produce acircular blank of the desired dimensions. The blank is then annealed torecrystallize the blank and achieve desirable grain size andcrystallographic texture. After annealing, a 10-50% strain is applied tothe annealed blank via mechanical cold working. In another exemplaryembodiment, a strain of 20-60% is provided in a flange area of thetarget. Thus, in this embodiment, the flange area is provided with agreater strain than that imparted to the sputter area portion of thetarget. The blank is then finished such as by machining or the like soas to obtain a sputtering target having the requisite size and shapewith desirable crystallographic texture and adequate mechanicalstrength.

In another exemplary embodiment, the mechanical working prior to theannealing step is achieved by a cold rolling. In another embodiment, thestrain imparted to the target blank after the annealing step resultsfrom a rolling step which is performed at a temperature lower than therecrystallization temperature. Further, with regard to creation of thestrain in the flange area, this, in accordance with one exemplaryembodiment, may be provided by pressing the blank at a temperature lowerthan the recrystallization temperature.

In another exemplary embodiment, the step of imparting the 10-50%additional strain to the blank after annealing and the step of furthercreating 20-60% strain in the flange area are both provided by pressingthe blank at a temperature lower than the recrystallization temperature.In one embodiment, the blank is pressed in an asymmetrical die. Inanother embodiment, the method steps of creating a 10-50% strain to theblank after the annealing and further creating a 20-60% strain in theflange area are performed via a rolling step performed with a closed dieon one side at a temperature lower than the recrystallizationtemperature.

Pure aluminum may be utilized or the aluminum may be alloyed with one ormore of the following alloying elements: copper, silicon, titanium,germanium, tungsten, silver, iron, vanadium, and nickel. The totalamount of alloying elements present is about 10% or less.

In another aspect of the invention, a planar, monolithic aluminum oraluminum alloy sputter target is provided wherein the target has asputter area having a first yield strength and a flange area having asecond yield strength that is greater than the first yield strength. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the yield strength in the sputtering areaof the target is at least 15 ksi, and the yield strength in the flangearea is at least 20 ksi. In one embodiment, the sputter targetsputtering area has at least about a 30% average (200) orientation, andin some embodiments, the targets have average grain sizes in thesputtering area of less than 100 μm with at least 20% by volume of thesputtering area having grain sizes of less than 5 μm.

The invention will be further described in conjunction with the appendeddrawings and attached detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a sputter target made in accordancewith the invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross sectional view of one half of a sputtertarget made in accordance with Example 1 of the invention showingspecific locations throughout the target where yield strengthmeasurements were made;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross sectional view of one half of a sputtertarget made in accordance with Example 1 of the invention showingspecific locations throughout the target wherein grain size measurementswere made;

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the texture of the target of Example 1 asmeasured at various locations throughout the target;

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross sectional view of one half of a sputtertarget made in accordance with Example 2 of the invention, showingspecific locations throughout the target where yield strengthmeasurements were made;

FIG. 6 is a schematic cross sectional view of one half of a sputtertarget made in accordance with Example 2 of the invention, showingspecific locations throughout the target wherein grain size measurementswere made;

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the texture of the target of Example 2 asmeasured at various locations throughout the target;

FIG. 8 is a graph showing center location deflections of two monolithictargets made in accordance with Example 2 compared to a conventionalprior art bonded target;

FIG. 9 is a schematic cross sectional view of one half of a sputtertarget made in accordance with Example 3 of the invention showingspecific locations throughout the target where yield strengthmeasurements were made;

FIG. 10 is a schematic cross sectional view of one half of a sputtertarget made in accordance with Example 3 of the invention, showingspecific locations throughout the target wherein grain size measurementswere made;

FIG. 11 is a graph showing the texture of the target of Example 3 asmeasured at various locations throughout the target;

FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating sub-grain size distributions ofconventional Al 0.2% Si 0.5% Cu targets versus that of a Al 3.2% Si 0.5%Cu target made in accordance with the invention; and

FIG. 13 is a schematic cross sectional view of an asymmetric die andpress platen that may be used to provide near-net-shape targets inaccordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the invention, an Al orAl alloy billet is pressed at room temperature to a desired height. Theresultant billet can then be rolled at room temperature for example toprovide a target blank of requisite diameter and thickness. Arecrystallization annealing of the blank may then be performed followedby quenching to room temperature. The thus recrystallized blank may bemechanically cold worked such as by cross rolling. In accordance withanother exemplary embodiment, the cold worked blank may then be furthercold worked such as by pressing it in an asymmetrically shaped die toform a near-net-shape target. The asymmetrically shaped die and pressingstep cooperate to provide a strain on a first area of the near-net-shapetarget that corresponds to the target sputtering area. Additionally, dueto the shaping of the die, a higher stress is placed on a second area ofthe near-net-shape target that will function as a flange portion of thetarget that is adapted for attachment such as by bolts and othermechanical fasteners to the sputtering chamber or apparatus. The stressin the second area or flange area is greater than the stress imparted inthe first area of the near-net-shape target. Typically, the strain(i.e., % cold working) in the first area is about 10-50% (based upon theoriginal thickness of the annealed blank) while the strain imparted tothe second area (i.e., flange area of the target) is greater than thestrain in the first area and is within the range of about 20-60%.

The thus treated near-net-shape target blank can be machined to resultin a properly dimensioned sputter target.

The invention will now be described in conjunction with the followingexamples of specific embodiments. These examples are illustrative onlyand should not be construed as limiting the invention.

Example 1

A 5.25″ diameter and 13.45″ high cylindrical Al 0.2% Si 0.5% Cu billetwas pressed at room temperature to a height of 4.5″. The resultantbillet was rolled at room temperature to form a ˜14.2″ diameter by 1.8″thick circular blank. The blank was annealed at 600° F. for 2 hours,water quenched to room temperature, and cross rolled at room temperatureinto a ˜16.5″ diameter by ˜1.15″ thick blank. The blank was then pressedwith an asymmetric steel die into a near-net-shape target blank as shownin FIG. 1. Subsequently, the blank was machined into a sputteringtarget. As shown, the sputter target 2 comprises a sputtering portion 4and a rear side section 6 adapted for placement adjacent a coolingliquid for heat exchange relation in accordance with standard operation.A flange section 8 is provided in the form of an annulus around theperiphery of the section 6 and serves as a mounting attachment for thetarget 2 to a mating portion of a sputtering chamber. The mechanicalstrength, microstructure and crystallographic texture of the target wereexamined, and the results are illustrated in FIGS. 2-4. The yieldstrength of the target (>17 ksi) is significantly higher than that ofthe conventional, fully annealed target material (typically <10 ksi). AnAl 0.2% Si 0.5% Cu target as manufactured per this Example was sputteredat a customer site for 1,000 kWh, and the sputtering performance wassatisfactory. The sputtered target had the same matt appearance as atypical recrystallized Al 0.2% Si 0.5% Cu target bonded to a highstrength Al alloy backing plate. Furthermore, due to much higher yieldstrength of the target, the sputtered target deflected (bowed) only0.018″ on the backside.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatical sketch of the cross section of one half ofthe target in FIG. 1 showing the yield strength at the locations of themonolithic target depicted by reference numbers 10-18. The followingtable lists the locations and yield strength in terms of ksi.

Example 1

Yield Strength Location Yield Strength 10 17.5 ksi 12 17.7 ksi 14(flange area) 20.3 ksi 16 18.0 ksi 18 17.5 ksi

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatical sketch similar to FIG. 2 showing the crosssection of one half of the target showing average grain size atlocations depicted by reference numbers 20-32. The following table liststhe location and average grain size.

Example 1

Average Grain Size 20 62 μm 24 45 μm 26 39 μm 28 42 μm 30 49 μm 32 38 μm

The texture of the Example 1 target is shown in FIG. 4. Here, it can beseen that the target has a predominate (200) texture averaging about35%. In this figure and also in FIGS. 7 and 11, the reference key is asfollows: IS=inner surface; IH=inner half depth; IQ=inner quarter depth;OS=outer surface; OH=outer half depth; OQ=outer quarter depth.

Example 2

A 5.25″ diameter and 12.2″ high cylindrical Al 0.5% Cu billet was upsetforged at room temperature, annealed at 600° F. for four hours and waterquenched to room temperature. The billet was then pressed at roomtemperature to a height of 4″. The resultant billet was rolled at roomtemperature to form a ˜14.5″ diameter by 1.65″ thick circular blank. Theblank was annealed at 550° F. for 2 hours, water quenched to roomtemperature, and “asymmetrically” pressed with steel dies into anear-net-shape target blank similar to that shown in FIG. 1.Subsequently, the blank was machined into a sputtering target. Themechanical strength, microstructure, and crystallographic texture of thetarget were examined, and the results are illustrated in FIGS. 5-7.

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic sketch similar to that of FIG. 2, showing yieldstrength at various locations of the Example 2 target as follows.

Example 2

Yield Strength 34   16 ksi 36 15.3 ksi 38 (flange area) 21.3 ksi 40 19.1ksi 42 15.7 ksi 44 15.5 ksi

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic sketch similar to that of FIG. 3, showing theaverage grain size at different locations throughout the target.

Example 2

Average Grain Size 46 57 μm 48 24 μm 50 28 μm 52 32 μm 54 35 μm

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the texture of the target at variouslocations. In this case, the (220) texture is predominate in an averageamount of greater than 40%. The (200) texture is present in an amount ofabout 30% (e.g., about 26%). Two monolithic Al 0.5% Cu targetsmanufactured this way, together with a bonded Al 0.5% Cu target (i.e.,conventionally rolled and annealed—high purity Al 0.5% Cu bonded to highstrength Al6061-T6 alloy), were pressure stressed with vacuum on thetarget side and gas pressure on the backside. After each increase inpressure, the target was removed, and the deflection (bowing) at thecenter of the backside was measured. As depicted in FIG. 8, centerreflection (bowing) of the monolithic targets is smaller than that ofthe bonded target.

Example 3

A 5.25″ diameter and 12.2″ high cylindrical Al 0.2% Si 0.5% Cu billetwas pressed at room temperature to a height of 4″. The resultant billetwas rolled at room temperature to form a ˜14.5″ diameter by 1.65″ thickcircular blank. The blank was annealed at 600° F. for 2 hours, waterquenched to room temperature, and pressed with steel dies into anear-net-shape target blank similar to that shown in FIG. 1.Subsequently, the blank was machined into a sputtering target. Themechanical strength, microstructure and crystallographic texture of thetarget were examined. The results are illustrated in FIGS. 9-11.

Yield strengths per target location shown in FIG. 9 were as follows:

Example 3

Yield Strength Location ksi 58 16 60 17.1 62 (flange area) 23.5 64 18.966 18.2

Average grain sizes are shown in the following table corresponding totarget locations shown in FIG. 10.

Example 3

Average Grain Size Location μm 68 48 70 34 72 30 74 28 76 39 78 29

The texture analysis of the Example 3 target is shown in FIG. 11. Here,the (220) texture is predominately present in an amount of greater than40%.

The advantages of this invention over the prior art include: 1) theprocess is more manufacturing friendly; 2) near-net-shape pressing cansave at least 10% of material; 3) the resultant textures of the targetare close to those of the conventional, recrystallized Al alloy targetswith proven sputtering performance.

To achieve adequate mechanical strength, monolithic Al alloy targetblanks are usually fabricated by severe plastic deformation viatechniques such as equal channel angular extrusion. The severe plasticdeformation may not necessarily result in desirable crystallographictexture. In this invention, a mechanically worked and fullyrecrystallized Al alloy blank is further mechanically worked at roomtemperature, and thus essentially preserves the beneficialcrystallographic texture of the recrystallized blanks and enhances themechanical strength at the same time. To the knowledge of the inventors,this concept is believed to be new.

There are two main types of OEM sputter erosion patterns in practice forplanar aluminum sputtering target applications. The first erodes fastestin an annulus close to the outer edge, and the second erodes in anannulus close to the center. One can imagine that the two patterns usingthe same aluminum plate with characteristic texture will producedifferent film thickness uniformities in the deposited films.

The erosion profiles noted contemplate an 8″ wafer situated about 50 mmabove the target. In all cases, the outer erosion area is outside thewafer, suggesting that most of the aluminum coming from this region ofthe target misses the wafer and only affects the thickness of the filmat the wafer edge. In the case of one of these patterns, the outergroove is even further from the edge of the wafer.

In one case, the main erosion occurs about 9″ diameter, and the targetto wafer spacing is critical to film uniformity. The outer (main)erosion only affects the edge thickness.

In the thermomechanical processing of Al or Al alloys, a fully annealed,compression rolled plate will have a strong (200) texture and a grainsize between 20 and 400 μm, depending on the heat treatment sequence,times, and temperatures. A strong (200) texture with 400 μm averagegrain size will produce the same wafer properties as a strong (200)texture with 35 μm average grain size. To change the deposition rate anduniformity, a different texture is required.

If one can achieve very fine grain size (below 1 μm), a well knownstrengthening effect that is beneficial is found and a slightmodification of the texture from a strong (200) is found. This change intexture may be due to the increased volume fraction of grain boundarythat can be detected in texture measurements and will impact theemission rates and directions. The strengthening occurs because theclosely spaced grain boundaries limit the movement of dislocations.

We have found that by introducing dislocation tangles to fully annealedaluminum plates rather than high angle grain boundaries in theappropriate density provides a significant increase in material strengthwhile not overly modifying the texture of the fully annealed plate. Thedislocation tangles limit further dislocation movement and thus enhancemechanical strength. The introduction of the dislocations activates theslip systems and increases the detected (220) texture in the material.For center sputtering systems, this may provide a better optimization tothe plasma shape established for long throw, high power applications.Between 10% and 50% strain, the annealed material absorbs work anddislocations pile up on sub-micron spacing. Individual grains take onmultiple textures with slight misorientations (sub-grains). The resultis a modification of the original structure with a volume fraction ofdislocations in the (220) orientation.

This can be observed by etching the microstructure. The dislocationtangles become low angle grain boundaries while the original high angleboundaries remain intact. This can also be observed using EBSD (electronbackscatter diffraction) to show the multiple texture components withinexisting grains. The EBSD images can also be used to measure thedistribution of grain sizes. FIG. 12 is a graph showing the sub-microngrain distribution in conventional, prior art Al 0.2 wt % Si 0.5% Cutargets compared to Al 0.2 wt % Cu 0.5 wt % Si targets made inaccordance with Example 1 of the invention. The conventional target wasprepared by room temperature pressing, room temperature cross rolling,and a recrystallization anneal at 600° F. for two hours, followed bymachining.

FIG. 13 is a schematic of a pressing operation employing a symmetricaldie 100 that may, in accordance with one embodiment, be used to producethe near-net-shape monolithic Al target. The die comprises a reducedarea flange cavity 104 that upon pressing of the pure Al or Al alloytherein will form the flange portion of the target (see FIG. 1). Also,die 100 includes a sputter area portion of the die 106 with the surface108 of the die corresponding to the portion of the die that willultimately form the sputter surface of the target.

The press 200 includes press platen 202 which is adapted for reciprocalmovement toward and away from die 100 by action of the pistons 204, 206.It can be appreciated that the metal (not shown) being compressed in die100 will be worked (reduced in thickness) to a greater extent in flangeportion 104 of the die compared to the sputter area 106. As such, theyield strength of the flange portion of the target ultimately formed bythe pressing action will be greater than that of the target sputteringarea.

The preceding description and accompanying drawings are intended to beillustrative of the invention and not limiting. Various othermodifications and applications will be apparent to one skilled in theart without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention asdefined by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of making monolithic Al or Al alloytarget comprising the steps of: a. mechanically working an Al work pieceto produce a blank; b. annealing the blank to recrystallize the blankand achieve desirable grain size and crystallographic texture; c.creating 10-50% additional strain after anneal to increase mechanicalstrength; d. further creating 20-60% strain in the flange area; and e.finishing the blank to form a sputtering target with desirablecrystallographic texture and adequate mechanical strength.
 2. The methodas recited in claim 1 wherein the mechanical working is rolling for stepa).
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method for creating strain instep c) is rolling at a temperature lower than the recrystallizationtemperature, and the method for creating strain in step d) is pressingat a temperature lower than the recrystallization temperature.
 4. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the method for creating strain in steps c) andd) is pressing at a temperature lower than the recrystallizationtemperature.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the method for creatingstrain in steps c) and d) is rolling with a closed die on one side at atemperature lower than the recrystallization temperature.
 6. The methodof claim 1 wherein the target is composed of pure aluminum or aluminumalloyed with one or more alloying elements selected from the groupconsisting of Cu, Si, Ti, Ge, W, Ag, Fe, V, Ni and mixtures saidalloying elements present in a total amount not exceeding 10% by weight.7. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein said target is planar and saidblank in step a) is circular.
 8. A method as recited in claim 3 whereinsaid step c) and said step d) are both performed at room temperature. 9.A method as recited in claim 4 wherein said steps c) and d) areperformed at room temperature.
 10. A method as recited in claim 5wherein said steps c) and d) are performed at room temperature.
 11. Aplanar, monolithic Al or Al alloy sputter target, said target having asputter area having a first yield strength and a flange area having asecond yield strength greater than said first yield strength.
 12. Asputter target as recited in claim 1 wherein said first yield strengthis at least 15 ksi and said second yield strength is at least 20 ksi.13. A sputter target according to claim 11 wherein said sputter area hasat least about 30% average (200) orientation.
 14. A sputter targetaccording to claim 1 having an average grain size in said sputter areaof less than 100 μm with at least 20% volume having grain sized of lessthan 5 μm.
 15. A sputter target as recited in claim 11 wherein saidtarget is composed of pure Al or Al alloyed with one or more alloyingelements selected from the group consisting of Cu, Si, Ti, Ge, W, Ag,Fe, V, and Ni, said alloying elements present in a total amount notexceeding 10% by weight.